Feature/centroid decomposition (#7086)

* feat: Add Centroid Decomposition for trees (#7054)

- Implement CentroidDecomposition with O(N log N) construction
- Add CentroidTree class with parent tracking and query methods
- Include buildFromEdges helper for easy tree construction
- Add comprehensive test suite with 20+ test cases
- Cover edge cases, validation, and various tree structures

Closes #7054

* feat: Add Centroid Decomposition for trees (#7054)

- Implement CentroidDecomposition with O(N log N) construction
- Add CentroidTree class with parent tracking and query methods
- Include buildFromEdges helper for easy tree construction
- Add comprehensive test suite with 20+ test cases
- Cover edge cases, validation, and various tree structures

Closes #7054

* fix: Remove trailing whitespace from CentroidDecompositionTest

* fix: Remove trailing whitespace and add newlines at end of files

* fix: Format code to comply with clang-format and checkstyle requirements

* style: Fix lambda formatting in test assertions

- Change single-line lambdas to multi-line format
- Align with repository code style guidelines

* style: Apply clang-format to match repository style guide

- Format code according to .clang-format configuration
- Use single-line lambdas as allowed by AllowShortLambdasOnASingleLine: All
- Apply 4-space indentation
- Ensure proper line endings