fix($compile): do not swallow thrown errors in test

In e13eeab, errors/rejections produced during fetching the template or compiling
an asynchronous directive, where overzealously silenced. This doesn't make any
difference in (most) production apps, where `$exceptionHandler` does not rethrow
the errors. In tests though (where `$exceptionHandler` rethrows by default), it
can unexpectedly "swallow" thrown errors.

This commit fixes it by removing the extraneous `.catch(noop)`, thus letting
errors thrown by `$exceptionHandler` to surface.

The changes in 'compileSpec.js' essentially revert the modifications that were
unnecessarily (and incorrectly) done in e13eeab (and also one incorrect
modification from [c22615c][1]).

[1]: https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c22615cbfbaa7d1712e79b6bf2ace6eb41313bac#diff-348c2f3781ed66a24894c2046a52c628L2084

Fixes #15629

Closes #15631