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import os

class GetoptError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, message: str = ""):
        super().__init__(message)

def long_has_args(opt: str, longopts: List[str]) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
    possibilities = [o for o in longopts if o.startswith(opt)]
    if not possibilities:
        raise GetoptError(f"option --{opt} not recognized")
    # Is there an exact match?
    if opt in possibilities:
        return False, opt
    elif opt + "=" in possibilities:
        return True, opt
    # No exact match, so better be unique.
    if len(possibilities) > 1:
        # XXX since possibilities contains all valid continuations, might be
        # nice to work them into the error msg
        raise GetoptError(f"option --{opt} not a unique prefix")
    assert len(possibilities) == 1
    unique_match = possibilities[0]
    has_arg = unique_match.endswith("=")
    if has_arg:
        unique_match = unique_match[:-1]
    return has_arg, unique_match

def do_longs(
    opts: List[Tuple[str, str]], opt: str, longopts: List[str], args: List[str]
) -> Tuple[List[Tuple[str, str]], List[str]]:
    optarg = ""
    try:
        i = opt.index("=")
        opt, optarg = opt[:i], opt[i + 1 :]
    except ValueError:
        pass

    has_arg, opt = long_has_args(opt, longopts)
    if has_arg:
        if optarg == "":
            if not args:
                raise GetoptError(f"option --{opt} requires argument")
            optarg, args = args[0], args[1:]
    elif optarg != "":
        raise GetoptError(f"option --{opt} must not have an argument")
    opts.append((f"--{opt}", optarg))
    return opts, args

def short_has_arg(opt: str, shortopts: str) -> bool:
    for i in range(len(shortopts)):
        if opt == shortopts[i] != ":":
            return shortopts.startswith(":", i + 1)
    raise GetoptError(f"option -{opt} not recognized")

def do_shorts(
    opts: List[Tuple[str, str]], optstring: str, shortopts: str, args: List[str]
) -> Tuple[List[Tuple[str, str]], List[str]]:
    while optstring != "":
        opt, optstring = optstring[0], optstring[1:]
        optarg = ""
        if short_has_arg(opt, shortopts):
            if optstring == "":
                if not args:
                    raise GetoptError(f"option -{opt} requires argument")
                optstring, args = args[0], args[1:]
            optarg, optstring = optstring, ""
        opts.append((f"-{opt}", optarg))
    return opts, args

def getopt(
    args: List[str], shortopts: str, longopts: List[str] = []
) -> Tuple[List[Tuple[str, str]], List[str]]:
    opts = []
    prog_args = []

    # Allow options after non-option arguments?
    all_options_first = False
    if shortopts.startswith("+"):
        shortopts = shortopts[1:]
        all_options_first = True
    elif "POSIXLY_CORRECT" in os.environ:
        all_options_first = True

    while args:
        if args[0] == "--":
            prog_args += args[1:]
            break

        if args[0][:2] == "--":
            opts, args = do_longs(opts, args[0][2:], longopts, args[1:])
        elif args[0][:1] == "-" and args[0] != "-":
            opts, args = do_shorts(opts, args[0][1:], shortopts, args[1:])
        else:
            if all_options_first:
                prog_args += args
                break
            else:
                prog_args.append(args[0])
                args = args[1:]

    return opts, prog_args