# Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.

import logging
import os
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Annotated, Any, ClassVar, Literal, TypeVar
from xml.etree.ElementTree import Element  # nosec

from numpy import ndarray
from pydantic import Field, FilePath, PrivateAttr, UrlConstraints, computed_field
from pydantic_core import Url

from semantic_kernel.contents.const import BINARY_CONTENT_TAG, ContentTypes
from semantic_kernel.contents.kernel_content import KernelContent
from semantic_kernel.contents.utils.data_uri import DataUri
from semantic_kernel.exceptions.content_exceptions import ContentException, ContentInitializationError
from semantic_kernel.utils.feature_stage_decorator import experimental

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

_T = TypeVar("_T", bound="BinaryContent")

DataUrl = Annotated[Url, UrlConstraints(allowed_schemes=["data"])]


@experimental
class BinaryContent(KernelContent):
    """This is a base class for different types of binary content.

    This can be created either the bytes data or a data uri, additionally it can have a uri.
    The uri is a reference to the source, and might or might not point to the same thing as the data.

    Ideally only subclasses of this class are used, like ImageContent.

    Methods:
        __str__: Returns the string representation of the content.

    Raises:
        ValidationError: If any arguments are malformed.

    """

    content_type: Literal[ContentTypes.BINARY_CONTENT] = Field(default=BINARY_CONTENT_TAG, init=False)  # type: ignore
    uri: Url | str | None = None

    default_mime_type: ClassVar[str] = "text/plain"
    tag: ClassVar[str] = BINARY_CONTENT_TAG
    _data_uri: DataUri | None = PrivateAttr(default=None)

    def __init__(
        self,
        uri: Url | str | None = None,
        data_uri: DataUrl | str | None = None,
        data: str | bytes | ndarray | None = None,
        data_format: str | None = None,
        mime_type: str | None = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ):
        """Create a Binary Content object, either from a data_uri or data.

        Args:
            uri: The reference uri of the content.
            data_uri: The data uri of the content.
            data: The data of the content.
            data_format: The format of the data (e.g. base64).
            mime_type: The mime type of the content, not always relevant.
            kwargs: Any additional arguments:
                inner_content: The inner content of the response,
                    this should hold all the information from the response so even
                    when not creating a subclass a developer can leverage the full thing.
                ai_model_id: The id of the AI model that generated this response.
                metadata: Any metadata that should be attached to the response.
        """
        temp_data_uri: DataUri | None = None
        if data_uri:
            temp_data_uri = DataUri.from_data_uri(data_uri, self.default_mime_type)
            kwargs.setdefault("metadata", {})
            kwargs["metadata"].update(temp_data_uri.parameters)
        elif data is not None:
            match data:
                case bytes():
                    temp_data_uri = DataUri(
                        data_bytes=data, data_format=data_format, mime_type=mime_type or self.default_mime_type
                    )
                case ndarray():
                    temp_data_uri = DataUri(
                        data_array=data, data_format=data_format, mime_type=mime_type or self.default_mime_type
                    )
                case str():
                    temp_data_uri = DataUri(
                        data_str=data, data_format=data_format, mime_type=mime_type or self.default_mime_type
                    )

        if uri is not None:
            if isinstance(uri, str) and os.path.exists(uri):
                if os.path.isfile(uri):
                    uri = str(Path(uri))
                else:
                    raise ContentInitializationError("URI must be a file path, not a directory.")
            elif isinstance(uri, str):
                uri = Url(uri)

        super().__init__(uri=uri, **kwargs)
        self._data_uri = temp_data_uri

    @computed_field  # type: ignore
    @property
    def data_uri(self) -> str:
        """Get the data uri."""
        if self._data_uri:
            return self._data_uri.to_string(self.metadata)
        return ""

    @data_uri.setter
    def data_uri(self, value: str):
        """Set the data uri."""
        if not self._data_uri:
            self._data_uri = DataUri.from_data_uri(value, self.default_mime_type)
        else:
            self._data_uri.update_data(value)
        self.metadata.update(self._data_uri.parameters)

    @property
    def data_string(self) -> str:
        """Returns the data as a string, using the data format."""
        if self._data_uri:
            return self._data_uri._data_str()
        return ""

    @property
    def data(self) -> bytes | ndarray:
        """Get the data."""
        if self._data_uri and self._data_uri.data_array is not None:
            return self._data_uri.data_array.tobytes()
        if self._data_uri and self._data_uri.data_bytes:
            return self._data_uri.data_bytes
        return b""

    @data.setter
    def data(self, value: str | bytes | ndarray):
        """Set the data."""
        if self._data_uri:
            self._data_uri.update_data(value)
            return
        match value:
            case ndarray():
                self._data_uri = DataUri(data_array=value, mime_type=self.mime_type)
            case str():
                self._data_uri = DataUri(data_str=value, mime_type=self.mime_type)
            case bytes():
                self._data_uri = DataUri(data_bytes=value, mime_type=self.mime_type)
            case _:
                raise ContentException("Data must be a string, bytes, or numpy array.")

    @property
    def mime_type(self) -> str:
        """Get the mime type."""
        if self._data_uri and self._data_uri.mime_type:
            return self._data_uri.mime_type
        return self.default_mime_type

    @mime_type.setter
    def mime_type(self, value: str):
        """Set the mime type."""
        if self._data_uri:
            self._data_uri.mime_type = value

    @property
    def can_read(self) -> bool:
        """Get whether the content can be read.

        Returns True if the content has data available for reading.
        """
        return self._data_uri is not None

    @classmethod
    def from_file(
        cls: type[_T],
        file_path: str | Path,
        mime_type: str | None = None,
    ) -> _T:
        """Create BinaryContent from a file.

        Args:
            file_path: Path to the file to read
            mime_type: MIME type of the file content

        Returns:
            BinaryContent instance with file data

        Raises:
            FileNotFoundError: If the file doesn't exist
            ContentInitializationError: If the path is not a file
        """
        from semantic_kernel.exceptions.content_exceptions import ContentInitializationError

        path = Path(file_path)

        if not path.exists():
            raise FileNotFoundError(f"File not found: {file_path}")

        if not path.is_file():
            raise ContentInitializationError(f"Path is not a file: {file_path}")

        # Read file as binary data to handle all file types properly
        data = path.read_bytes()

        return cls(
            data=data,
            mime_type=mime_type,
            uri=str(path),
            data_format="base64",
        )

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """Return the string representation of the content."""
        return self.data_uri if self._data_uri else str(self.uri)

    def to_element(self) -> Element:
        """Convert the instance to an Element."""
        element = Element(self.tag)
        if self._data_uri:
            element.text = self.data_uri
        if self.uri:
            element.set("uri", str(self.uri))
        return element

    @classmethod
    def from_element(cls: type[_T], element: Element) -> _T:
        """Create an instance from an Element."""
        if element.tag != cls.tag:
            raise ContentInitializationError(f"Element tag is not {cls.tag}")  # pragma: no cover

        if element.text:
            return cls(data_uri=element.text, uri=element.get("uri", None))

        return cls(uri=element.get("uri", None))

    def write_to_file(self, path: str | FilePath, *, overwrite: bool = False) -> None:
        """Write the data to a file.

        Args:
            path: The path to write the file to.
            overwrite: If True, overwrite existing files. If False, raise an error if file exists.
                Defaults to False.

        Raises:
            FileExistsError: If overwrite is False and the file already exists.
        """
        file_path = Path(path)
        if not overwrite and file_path.exists():
            raise FileExistsError(f"File already exists and overwrite is disabled: {path}")

        if self._data_uri and self._data_uri.data_array is not None:
            self._data_uri.data_array.tofile(path)
            return
        with open(path, "wb") as file:
            assert isinstance(self.data, bytes)  # nosec
            file.write(self.data)

    def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Convert the instance to a dictionary."""
        return {"type": "binary", "binary": {"uri": str(self)}}