GH-135552: Make the GC clear weakrefs later (GH-136189)

Fix a bug caused by the garbage collector clearing weakrefs too early.  The
weakrefs in the ``tp_subclasses`` dictionary are needed in order to correctly
invalidate type caches (for example, by calling ``PyType_Modified()``).
Clearing weakrefs before calling finalizers causes the caches to not be
correctly invalidated.  That can cause crashes since the caches can refer to
invalid objects.  Defer the clearing of weakrefs without callbacks until after
finalizers are executed.