bpo-41710: Add private _PyDeadline_Get() function (GH-28674)

Add a private C API for deadlines: add _PyDeadline_Init() and
_PyDeadline_Get() functions.

* Add _PyTime_Add() and _PyTime_Mul() functions which compute t1+t2
  and t1*t2 and clamp the result on overflow.
* _PyTime_MulDiv() now uses _PyTime_Add() and _PyTime_Mul().